Medical Applications of Nanotechnology and Biomaterials

In the present era, biomaterials are defined as substances of natural, synthetic, or composite origin that are used to replace, regenerate, and support tissues that have lost their functional activity or have been damaged. The primary criterion for the efficacy of these materials is their high biocompatibility, defined as their capacity to induce minimal adverse reactions within the body. Despite the long-standing utilization of classic biomaterials (metal alloys, ceramics, and polymers) in medical devices, their mechanical incompatibility, corrosion potential, and limited biological activity at the cellular level have led to a significant demand for more advanced solutions. The application of nanotechnology offers a revolutionary approach to addressing these needs by enabling the control of material properties at the nanoscale (1-100 nm). Because of their high surface area/volume ratios, nanobiomaterials more closely resemble the cell microenvironment, which enables the development of sophisticated scaffolds and physiologically stimulating materials for tissue engineering. The classification of biomaterials, their mechanical and biocompatibility criteria, the contributions of nanotechnology to biomaterial development, and nano-assisted medical systems, including biosensors, biochips, and nano-carrier systems, are all thoroughly examined in this article.